Global Law Experts top search results to help tackle law in Egypt

Egypt has a mixed legal system combining civil law, Islamic Sharia, and elements of customary law. Civil law, influenced by the French model, governs most commercial and civil matters, while Sharia applies mainly to family and personal status issues such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. This blend creates a unique framework where both modern legislation and religious principles shape the law.

Foreigners wishing to start a business in Egypt must register their company with the General Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI). The process includes obtaining a commercial registration, tax card, and social insurance registration. Depending on the business activity, additional licenses may be required. Complying with foreign investment laws and sector-specific regulations is essential, and legal counsel is recommended to ensure full compliance and a smooth startup process.

Buying property in Egypt requires conducting due diligence to verify ownership and the absence of liens, followed by signing a sale contract registered with the Real Estate Publicity Department. Foreigners face restrictions on certain locations and property types, necessitating special permits in some cases. Legal assistance is advised to navigate the registration process, confirm title validity, and ensure compliance with local property laws.

Egypt’s oil and gas sector is regulated by a comprehensive legal framework overseen by the Ministry of Petroleum. Licensing agreements, production sharing contracts, and environmental regulations govern exploration and production activities. The legal regime aims to balance attracting foreign investment with national resource control. Experienced legal advisors play a vital role in navigating contract negotiations and regulatory compliance.

Dispute resolution in Egypt primarily involves litigation through the court system and arbitration. Commercial arbitration is widely used, especially under the auspices of bodies like the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration. Mediation is also increasingly popular as an alternative, offering a quicker and less adversarial way to resolve disputes. Choice depends on the nature of the conflict and the parties’ preferences.

Foreigners may own real estate in Egypt under Law 230/1996, limited to two properties not exceeding 4,000 m² each, solely for residential use. Ownership of agricultural land is prohibited, and properties in strategic areas like Sinai require special approval. Construction must begin within five years, and sales may be restricted for a set period to ensure compliance with national property laws.

In Egypt, the divorce process for foreigners depends on their religion, nationality, and whether both spouses are non-Egyptian. Muslim marriages follow Sharia principles, while civil or foreign law may apply for non-Muslims through their consulates. Courts require valid documentation, marriage certificates, and adherence to local procedures, making legal counsel essential to navigate jurisdiction and rights.

Foreign investment in Egypt is regulated by the Investment Law of 2017, offering equal treatment for foreign and local investors, tax incentives, and access to free zones. The General Authority for Investment (GAFI) oversees registration and approvals. While opportunities are strong, navigating bureaucracy and ensuring compliance requires expert legal guidance to protect investments.