Maritime law, sometimes called admiralty law, primarily governs private commercial activities on navigable waters, including shipping contracts, vessel collisions, and cargo claims. The law of the sea, on the other hand, is a branch of public international law that defines states’ rights and responsibilities regarding territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and the use of ocean resources. While maritime law focuses on private maritime commerce and disputes, the law of the sea addresses broader issues of ocean governance and international cooperation.

A maritime lawyer specializes in legal matters related to shipping, navigation, and marine commerce. They handle cases involving vessel collisions, cargo disputes, marine insurance claims, and seafarer rights. These lawyers also advise on regulatory compliance, environmental laws, and contracts related to shipbuilding or port operations. Their role includes representing clients in negotiations, arbitration, or court proceedings, both on domestic and international maritime issues.

If a sailor is injured on the job, they are generally entitled to medical treatment, compensation for lost wages, and benefits under maritime injury laws such as the Jones Act in the United States. These laws provide protections specifically tailored to seafarers, allowing them to seek damages for negligence or unsafe working conditions. Legal rights often include claims for pain and suffering, maintenance, and cure to support recovery and protect income during periods of disability.

Jurisdiction over sea-related crimes depends on the location of the offense and the nationality of the vessel or individuals involved. Coastal states have authority within their territorial waters, usually up to 12 nautical miles from shore. Beyond that, international laws like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) apply. On the high seas, the vessel’s flag state usually has jurisdiction. Combating piracy or smuggling often requires cooperation between nations.

Laws and regulations addressing ocean pollution include international agreements such as the MARPOL Convention, which sets standards for preventing pollution from ships. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) also requires states to protect the marine environment. National laws complement these treaties by regulating waste discharge, oil spills, and chemical dumping. Enforcement mechanisms include inspections, penalties, and cooperative efforts to reduce pollution and preserve ocean health.