Accounting Services Advisors Worldwide.

You generally hire an accountant to look backward at what happened (reporting, taxes, audits) and a lawyer to look forward at what could happen (liability, contracts, disputes). Specifically, you need a lawyer when you are dealing with legal ambiguity—such as interpreting a complex regulation, drafting a partnership agreement, or responding to a lawsuit. While an accountant can calculate your tax liability, only a tax lawyer can defend you in tax court or structure a merger to ensure it meets specific legal tests for tax-free status.

Yes, this is a specialized area of defense litigation. Lawyers defend accountants against claims of “malpractice,” which typically allege that the accountant failed to follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). The lawyer’s role is to prove that the accountant acted with the standard of care expected of a professional in their field, or that the client’s financial losses were caused by the client’s own internal failures (like hiding data) rather than the accountant’s errors.

The difference is massive: attorney-client privilege is absolute and robust, while accountant-client privilege is weak and often non-existent in federal courts.

Attorney-Client Privilege: Protects almost all confidential communications made for the purpose of legal advice. It applies in both civil and criminal cases.

Accountant-Client Privilege: Only recognized in some states and generally does not apply in federal criminal cases or IRS investigations. This means the IRS can often force your accountant to testify against you, whereas they cannot force your lawyer to do so.

Accountants face significant liability risks, primarily “Third-Party Liability.” This happens when someone other than the client (like a bank or investor) relies on the accountant’s audit report to lend money, loses that money, and then sues the accountant for “negligent misrepresentation.” Other major risks include aiding and abetting fraud (if they miss red flags in a client’s books), violating data privacy laws during audits, and insider trading accusations if they act on non-public information found during their work.

A lawyer is often the one who hires the forensic accountant to ensure the investigation remains confidential. This is done through a “Kovel Agreement,” a legal arrangement where the accountant works for the lawyer, not the client. This extends the attorney-client privilege to the accountant’s work product. Without a lawyer structuring the investigation this way, any report the forensic accountant produces could be subpoenaed by opposing counsel and used as evidence against your company.

Yes, absolutely. A disciplinary hearing before a State Board of Accountancy is a legal proceeding that can end your career. You are not just explaining numbers; you are defending your license against administrative law charges. A lawyer helps you navigate the specific procedural rules of the board, negotiates consent orders to avoid license revocation, and ensures that your admissions during the hearing aren’t used against you in a separate criminal or civil trial.

The accountant handles the quantitative heavy lifting—pulling ledgers, explaining calculations, and answering technical questions from the auditor. The lawyer manages the flow of information, stepping in to stop the accountant from answering “loaded questions” that could imply criminal intent. The lawyer’s job is to frame the legal argument for why a deduction is valid, while the accountant provides the math to support that argument.