INTRODUCTION

Film Co-Production Agreements in Nigeria are becoming increasingly important as Nollywood, the world’s second-largest film industry by volume, attracts global studios seeking collaboration and investment opportunities. However, successful co-productions in Nigeria demand careful legal, regulatory, and strategic planning. This guide highlights the key considerations international studios must evaluate when entering into co-production agreements in Nigeria.

UNDERSTANDING CO-PRODUCTION AGREEMENTS

A film co-production agreement is a contractual arrangement where two or more production companies typically from different countries collaborate to produce a film. The agreement typically covers the division of:

· Creative control

· Financing

· Production responsibilities

· Intellectual Property (IP) ownership

· Revenue sharing

Given Nigeria’s unique legal and regulatory framework, international studios must approach co-productions with a clear understanding of local requirements.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING FILM PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
1. Copyright Act, 2022 (As Amended)
The Nigerian Copyright Act, 2022 is the cornerstone of IP protection for films. It defines a film (whether short or feature-length) as a “cinematograph film”, protected upon fixation (i.e., when it is recorded in any material form).

Key Provisions for Co-Productions:

· Ownership of Rights: Copyright ownership is determined primarily by contractual agreement. Where no agreement exists, joint authorship principles apply under Sections 29–30.

· Licensing:

o Exclusive licenses and assignments must be in writing and signed.

o Non-exclusive licenses can be oral or inferred from conduct.

Implication: International partners must ensure that copyright ownership, licensing, and distribution rights are clearly defined in the co-production contract to avoid disputes, especially when commercializing the film globally.

2. Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA), 2020
Foreign studios planning to establish a local subsidiary, enter into a joint venture or conduct businesses in Nigeria must comply with the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA), 2020. This may require registering a Nigerian entity or establishing a branch or representative office.

Critical Legal and Commercial Considerations
1. Ownership and Exploitation of Rights
Clear contractual provisions should address:

· Copyright ownership and rights over underlying works (e.g., script, characters, music).

· Territorial distribution rights, specifying exclusivity and revenue allocation.

· Rights to sequels, remakes, merchandising, and spin-offs.

If these rights are not explicitly assigned, Nigerian law presumes joint ownership.

2. Financing and Revenue Sharing
Funding arrangements must clarify:

· Each party’s financial contributions (cash and in-kind such as equipment or services).

· The recoupment waterfall, which governs how revenue is shared:

o Initially to recover costs.

o Subsequently split as profit among producers.

· Potential access to local subsidies or incentives.

3. Regulatory Compliance and Approvals
National Film and Video Censors Board (NFVCB)
All films intended for public exhibition or distribution in Nigeria must be registered and classified by the NFVCB. Delays in classification can impact release timelines.

Immigration and Work Permits
Foreign crew and talent must secure:

· Appropriate visas

· Expatriate quotas (work permits), processed through the Nigerian Immigration Service and the Federal Ministry of Interior

Failure to comply can result in production delays or penalties.

4. Local Content and Labor Expectations
While not legally mandated, there is a strong informal preference for:

· Hiring local cast and crew

· Engaging Nigerian production resources

In states like Lagos, local guilds such as:

· Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN)

· Directors Guild of Nigeria (DGN)

often exert influence over employment decisions, which producers are encouraged to respect for smooth production.

5. Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
A robust co-production agreement should specify:

· Governing law — Nigerian law is often preferred when the main production occurs in Nigeria.

· Dispute resolution forum, typically:

o Local arbitration (e.g., Lagos Court of Arbitration)

o International arbitration (e.g., ICC, LCIA)

· Recognition of foreign arbitral awards, which is supported under the New York Convention, to which Nigeria is a signatory.

6. Taxation and Repatriation of Profits
International studios should plan for:

· Withholding taxes on cross-border payments.

· Value Added Tax (VAT) on local services and goods.

· Repatriation rules, under Nigeria’s Foreign Exchange (Monitoring and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, which allow for the legal remittance of profits after tax compliance.

· Double Taxation Risks: Co-producers must evaluate whether double taxation treaties exist between Nigeria and their home country, to avoid taxes being levied on the same income in both jurisdictions.

7. Insurance and Risk Mitigation
Producing in Nigeria requires comprehensive insurance coverage, including:

· Production insurance: For equipment damage, theft, or cast-related delays.

· Errors & Omissions (E&O) insurance: Vital when distributing the film internationally to protect against IP infringement or defamation claims.

· General liability coverage: Especially when filming on location or involving large sets.

Strategic Advantages of Co-Producing in Nigeria
Nigeria presents significant opportunities for international studios interested in film co-productions with Nigerian directors. These opportunities include:

1. Access to Africa’s Largest Audience
Nigeria, with over 200 million people, is home to a booming cinema culture and an increasingly global digital audience.

2. Authentic and Globally Appealing Narratives
Nollywood is known for its distinctive storytelling that resonates across cultures, making its content attractive to both African and global audiences.

3. Competitive Cost Structures
Production costs in Nigeria are often lower than in Western countries, providing a cost-efficient alternative for high-quality productions.

Conclusion
Nigeria offers a fertile environment for international film co-productions, combining a rich cultural heritage with an enthusiastic and growing audience. However, navigating its legal, regulatory, and operational landscape requires thorough preparation.

International studios are strongly advised to:

· Engage experienced local legal counsel, preferably with entertainment and IP law expertise.

· Develop clear, written agreements covering IP ownership, financing, profit-sharing, dispute resolution, and tax compliance.

· Ensure regulatory compliance with film classification, immigration, and business registration laws.

By aligning creatively and contractually with local partners, international co-producers can unlock the vast storytelling potential and commercial opportunities of one of Africa’s most dynamic film markets.

For more insight into Film Co-production with Nigerian Film producers, feel free to contact us BFA & CO LEGAL via email: info@bfaandcolegal.com, bfa@bfaandcolegal.com and francisca@bfaandcolegal.com.